tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67386702254944319772024-02-20T04:36:59.891-08:00BirdingAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588584673172659077noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738670225494431977.post-40678362530569491432012-08-16T11:08:00.000-07:002012-08-16T11:08:56.128-07:00Birding<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> Birdwatching</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> or </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">birding</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> is the observation of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird">birds</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> as a recreational activity. It can be done with the naked eye, through a visual enhancement device like </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopes" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Telescopes">telescopes</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, or by listening for bird sounds. Birding often involves a significant auditory component, as many bird species are more easily detected and identified by ear than by eye. Most birdwatchers pursue this activity mainly for recreational or social reasons, unlike </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Ornithology">ornithologists</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, who engage in the study of birds using more formal scientific methods</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">.</span>
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<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PeopleBirding.JPG/250px-PeopleBirding.JPG" /><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG/150px-Birdwatchers_Liminka_Bay_2006_04_14.JPG" /><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG/220px-Observaci%C3%B3n_de_aves_en_Nador.JPG" />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Birding.2C_birdwatching.2C_and_twitching">Birding, birdwatching, and twitching</span></h2>
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The term <i>birdwatching</i> was first used in 1901; <i>bird</i> was introduced as a verb in 1918.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> The term <i>birding</i> was also used for the practice of <i>fowling</i> or hunting with firearms as in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i> (1602): "She laments sir... her husband goes this morning a-birding." The terms <i>birding</i> and <i>birdwatching</i> are today used by some interchangeably, although many participants prefer <i>birding</i>, both because it does not exclude the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hearing (sense)">auditory</a> aspects of enjoying birds, and because it does not have some associated negative connotations.</div>
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In North America, many birders differentiate themselves from birdwatchers, and the term <i>birder</i> is unknown to most lay people. At the most basic level, the distinction is one of dedication or intensity. Generally, self-described birders are more versed in minutiae like identification (aural and visual), molt, distribution, migration timing, and habitat usage. Whereas these dedicated <i>birders</i> may often travel specifically in search of birds, <i>birdwatchers</i> have been described by some enthusiasts as having a more limited scope, perhaps not venturing far from their own yards or local parks to view birds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dunne_0-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-dunne-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Indeed, in 1969 a "Birding Glossary" appeared in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birding_(magazine)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Birding (magazine)">Birding</a></i> Volume 1, No.2, which stated the following:</div>
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<i><b>Birder</b></i>. <i>The acceptable term used to describe the person who seriously pursues the hobby or sport of birding. May be professional or amateur.</i></div>
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<i><b>Birding</b></i>. <i>A sport and/or hobby in which individuals enjoy the challenge of bird study, listing, or other general activities involving bird life.</i></div>
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<i><b>Bird-watcher</b></i>. <i>A rather ambiguous term used both to describe the person who watches birds for any reason at all, and, more recently, to refer to a person who watches girls. Used mostly in fun. Should not be used to refer to the serious birder. The word "BIRD-WATCHING" is in the same category, of course.</i></div>
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<i>Twitching</i> is a British term used to mean "the pursuit of a previously-located rare bird." In North America it is more often called "chasing", though the British usage is starting to catch on there, especially among younger birders. The term <i>twitcher</i>, sometimes misapplied as a synonym for birder, is reserved for those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would then be <i>ticked</i>, or checked off, on a list. The term originated in the 1950s, when it was used to describe the nervous behaviour of Howard Medhurst, a British birdwatcher. Prior terms for those who chased rarities were <i>pot-hunter</i>, <i>tally-hunter</i>, or <i>tick-hunter</i>. The main goal of twitching is often to accumulate species on one's lists. Some birders engage in competition to accumulate the longest species list. The act of the pursuit itself is referred to as a <i>twitch</i> or a <i>chase</i>. A rare bird that stays put long enough for people to see it is <i>twitchable</i> or <i>chaseable</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oddie_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-oddie-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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Twitching is highly developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The size of these countries makes it possible to travel throughout them quickly and with relative ease. The most popular twitches in the UK have drawn large crowds; for example, a group of approximately 2,500 people travelled to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="England">England</a>, to view a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-winged_Warbler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Golden-winged Warbler">Golden-winged Warbler</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Twitchers have developed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitchers%27_vocabulary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Twitchers' vocabulary">their own vocabulary</a>. For example, a twitcher who fails to see a rare bird has <i>dipped out</i>; if other twitchers do see the bird, he may feel <i>gripped off</i>. <i>Suppression</i> is the act of concealing news of a rare bird from other twitchers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oddie_1-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-oddie-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birdwatching&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The history of birdwatching">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_history_of_birdwatching">The history of birdwatching</span></h2>
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The early interest in observing birds for their aesthetic rather than utilitarian (mainly food) value is traced to the late-18th century in the works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_White" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clare" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Clare">John Clare</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Although the study of birds and natural history became fashionable in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Era" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Victorian Era">Victorian Era</a>, it was mainly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_collections" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird collections">collection</a> oriented with eggs and later skins being the artifacts of interest. Wealthy collectors made use of their contacts in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Colonialism">colonies</a> to obtain specimens from around the world. It was only in the late 19th century that the call for bird protection began leading to the rising popularity of observations on living birds. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Audubon Society">Audubon Society</a> was started to protect birds from the growing trade in feathers in the United States while the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> began in Britain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> The term "birdwatching" appeared for the first time as the title of a book "Bird Watching" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Selous" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edmund Selous">Edmund Selous</a> in 1901.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> In North America, the identification of birds, once thought possible only by shooting was made possible by the emergence of optics and field identification guides. The earliest field guide in the US was <i>Birds through an Opera Glass</i> (1889) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Augusta_Merriam_Bailey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey">Florence Bailey</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Birding in North America was focused in the early and mid-20th century in the eastern seaboard region, and was influenced by the works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Griscom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ludlow Griscom">Ludlow Griscom</a> and later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Neighbors" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird Neighbors">Bird Neighbors</a></i> (1897) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neltje_Blanchan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neltje Blanchan">Neltje Blanchan</a>was an early birding book which sold over 250,000 copies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> It was illustrated with color photographs of stuffed birds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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The organization and networking of those interested in birds began through organizations like the Audubon Society that was against the killing of birds and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Ornithologists' Union">American Ornithologists' Union</a> (AOU). The rising popularity of the car increased the mobility of birdwatchers and this made new locations accessible to those interested in birds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Networks of birdwatchers in the UK began to form in the late 1930s under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a> (BTO). The BTO saw the potential to produce scientific results through the networks, unlike the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) which like the Audubon Society originated from the bird protection movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> Like the AOU in North America, the BOU had a focus mainly in collection based taxonomy. The BOU changed focus to ecology and behaviour only in the 1940s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> The BTO movement towards 'organized birdwatching', was opposed by the RSPB which claimed that the 'scientification' of the pastime was 'undesirable'. This stand was to change only in 1936 when the RSPB was taken over by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Harrisson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tom Harrisson">Tom Harrisson</a> and others. Harrisson was instrumental in the organization of pioneering surveys of the Great Crested Grebe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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Increased mobility of birdwatchers ensured that books like <i>Where to watch birds</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gooders" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Gooders">John Gooders</a> became best-sellers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> By the 1960s air-travel became feasible and long distance holiday destinations opened up with the result that by 1965, Britain's first birding tour company, <i>Ornitholidays</i> was started by Lawrence Holloway.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Travelling far away also led to problems in name usage, British birds like "Wheatear", "Heron" and "Swallow" needed adjectives to differentiate them in places where there were several related species.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> The falling cost of air-travel made flying to remote birding destinations a possibility for a large number of people towards the 1980s. The need for global guides to birds became more relevant and one of the biggest projects that began was the "Handbook of the Birds of the World" which started in the 1990s with Josep del Hoyo a country doctor in Catalonia, Jordi Sargatal and ornithologist Andy Elliott.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatching#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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Initially, birdwatching was a hobby practised in developed countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, since the second half of the 20th century an increasing number of people in developing countries have engaged in this activity. Transnational birding has played an important role in this, as citizens from developing countries that engage in birdwatching usually develop this pastime due to influence of foreign cultures that already practise birding.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588584673172659077noreply@blogger.com0Kattampally Kannadiparamba Munderi Rd, Kerala, India11.936177069223557 75.4278802871704111.932293069223558 75.422944787170408 11.940061069223557 75.432815787170412